Адна з найболей сур'ёзных праблем штата — забруджваньне навакольнага асяродзьдзя, барацьба зь ім адзначаная прыняцьцем дзейсных заканадаўчых актаў у 1960-я.

Вядучая роля ў жыцьці штата, ды і ўсёй краіны, традыцыйна замацавалася за горадам Нью-Ёркам. Штогадовы валавы прадукт толькі гэтага горада пераўзыходзіць ВНП большасьці краін сьвету. Нью-Ёрк — традыцыйны цэнтар тэкстыльнай прамысловасьці, паліграфіі, вытворчасьці прадуктаў сілкаваньня, буйны марскі порт.

Бафала — цэнтар цяжкай прамысловасьці (хоць шматлікія сталеліцейныя заводы зачыніліся ў 1980-х), буйны азёрны порт.

Рочэстэр — цэнтар вытворчасьці аптычных прыбораў.

Сайрэк'юз — цэнтар хімічнай, мэталюргічнай, электратэхнічнай і цэлюлозна-папяровай прамысловасьці, цяжкага машынабудаваньня.

Ютыка і Рым — цэнтры машынабудаваньня, Бінгемтон — бытавой электронікі, кампутараў.

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Вялікая частка тэрыторыі штата занятая адгор'ямі Апалачаў, якія дасягаюць на паўночным усходзе, у гарах Адзірандак, вышыні 1628 м. На паўднёва-захадзе — бок Апалачскага плато вышынёй да 656 м (Алеганскія горы). На паўночным захадзе, у берагоў Антарыё, а таксама на Лонг-Айлэндзе — нізіны. Клімат умераны, вільготны. На паўднёвым усходзе мякчэйшы і вільготны клімат, у горах — кантынэнтальны. Сярэдне-месячныя тэмпэратуры ад 0-8 да 23 градусаў. Ападкаў 800—1000 мм у год. Каля 13 % плошчы займаюць рэкі і азёры. Галоўныя рэкі — Гудзон (звязаная з сыстэмай Вялікіх азёр), Махок, Свьвятога Лаўрына, Саскуэханна. Іглічныя і зьмяшаныя лясы.

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У пэрыяд Вайны за незалежнасьць будучы штат таксама займаў стратэгічнае месца ў плянах бакоў. У 1776-77 на яго тэрыторыі адбываўся шэраг буйных сутыкненьняў. У красавіку 1777 Нью-Ёрк ратыфікаваў Канстытуцыю ЗША і ў ліпені 1778 стаў 11-м па ліку штатам з часовай сталіцай у горадзе Кінгстан (у 1797 сталіца перанесеная ў Олбані). Да канца першай чвэрці XIX стагодзьдзя штат меў высокаразьвітую сельскую гаспадарку і мануфактурную прамысловасьць з цэнтрам у Нью-Ёрку. Хутка разьвівалася транспартная сетка, чаму спрыяла як наяўнасьць натуральных водных шляхоў, так і само месцазнаходжаньне штата. У 1825 завяршылася будаўніцтва канала Эры, у 1831 пабудаваная першая чыгунка, якая злучыла Олбані і Скенэктадзі, а яшчэ праз 25 гадоў увесь штат быў пакрыты сеткай чыгунак. У 1830-40-я ў грамадзтве адбываліся значныя перамены: разьвіваўся працэс дэмакратызацыі, актыўна дзейнічалі арганізацыі фэрмэраў, жанчын, абаліцыяністаў. Былі моцныя рэфарматарскія тэндэнцыі, якія спарадзілі пляяду бачных нью-ёркскіх палітычных дзеячаў, у тым ліку Марціна Ван Бюрэна, Ўільяма Генры Сьцюарда, Хораса Грылі.

Ужо да 1820 Нью-Ёрк займаў першае месца сярод штатаў па колькасьці насельніцтва, перад Грамадзянскай вайной ён стаў кіроўным прамысловым штатам краіны. У Грамадзянскай вайне ў ЗША 1861-65 удзельнічаў на баку Поўначы. Больш 500 тыс. жыхароў штата прынялі ўдзел у вайне, 50 тыс. чалавек загінулі. Пасьля вайны эканамічнае разьвіцьцё штата працягвалася ў ранейшым тэмпе; для другой паловы XIX стагодзьдзя характэрныя рост карпарацыяў і ўзьнікненьне гіганцкіх трэстаў, наплыў імігрантаў з Эўропы. Адбывалася рэзкае расслаеньне грамадзтва, пагоршыліся ўмовы працы, у палітычным жыцьці квітнела карупцыя. Панаваньню Тамані-хола атрымалася пакласьці канец толькі ў 1930-я высілкамі шматлікіх відных палітыкаў, у тым ліку мэра Нью-Ёрку Фьёрэла Генры Лагуардыя (1934-45).

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كنية الولاية: الولاية الإمبراطورية (The Empire State)

اللغات الرسمية لايوجد لغة رسمية
العاصمة ألباني
أكبر مدينة نيويورك
الحاكم إليوت سبيتزر
المساحة
- الرتبة من حيث المساحة
- % المسطح المائي 141,205 كم²
(27)
13.3 %
السكان
- عدد السكان
- الكثافة
- الرتبة من حيث عدد السكان
18,976,457
155.18/كم²
3
الانضمام للاتحاد
- تاريخ الانضمام للاتحاد
- الرتبة من حيث الانضمام
26 يوليو 1788
(11)
الموقع الجغرافي
- خط الطول
- خط العرض

الامتداد الجغرافي
- الطول
- العرض
- أقصى ارتفاع
- أقصى انخفاض
- متوسط الارتفاع
530 كم
455 كم
1,629 متر
305 متر
0 متر
المنطقة الزمنية UTC -5/-4
إيزو 3166-2
الرمز البريدي US-NY
NY
الموقع الإلكتروني www.ny.gov
نيويورك إحدى ولايات الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية تقع في شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية على المحيط الأطلنطي عاصمتها ألباني . تتكون الولاية من 62 مقاطعة، وتبلغ المساحة الكلية للولاية 284122 كم². لنيويورك مكانة متميزة في الولايات المتحدة لأنها:

أكبر مركز مالي في العالم.
يوجد بها مقر الأمم المتحدة.
الميناء الأول في الولايات المتحدة.
هذه بذرة مقالة عن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، ساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.

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[ለማስተካከል] ሕዝብ

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New York se bynaam is The Empire State.

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The USS New York is one of the San Antonio-class of amphibious transport dock ships (LPD stands for Landing Ship Transport, Dock). The ship will be used to transport and land Marines, their equipment and supplies, such as amphibious vehicles and helicopters. It is one of three similar ships being given names that are associated with September 11. The others are the LPD 24 USS Arlington and the LPD 25 USS Somerset.

Twenty-four tons of steel from the World Trade Center were recycled for construction of the ship. Approximately seven tons were used, reverently, to make the bow section of the ship's hull.

According to Naval records, several other ships have carried the name the USS New York. This new ship was given the name the USS New York when former New York governor George Pataki wrote to Secretary of the Navy Gordon England and requested that the Navy use the name to honor the victims of September 11 and to give it to a surface ship that would be used to fight the War on Terror. This is an exception to the current use of state names for submarines only.

The first ship to carry the name USS New York was an armed gondola built by Revolutionary War General Benedict Arnold in 1776. She was burned to avoid capture later in the Revolutionary War.

The second ship named USS New York was a 36-gun frigate built in New York and commissioned in 1800. She saw service in the Mediterranean in the war against the Barbary Pirates. She was burned by the British in 1814 while she was in the Washington Navy Yard.

The third USS New York was one of nine built to discourage a future war with Britain after the war of 1812. The threat abated, so she was never launched. Union forces later burned the 74-gun ship of the line to avoid her capture at the start of the American Civil War.

Beginning in 1863, a screw sloop was being built that would have carried the name USS New York, but it also never got launched, being sold in 1888.

The fifth USS New York (ACR 2) was a armored cruiser commissioned in 1893. She was used in the Spanish-American War and was the flagship of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba (July 3, 1898), which destroyed the Spanish fleet. She was later renamed the USS Saratoga in 1911 and then renamed again as the USS Rochester in 1917.

The sixth was the battleship USS New York (BB 34), commissioned in 1914. She saw service in both World War I and World War II. She participated in atomic testing off the Bikini Islands surviving both an atmospheric explosion and an underwater detonation. She was used as a target ship in 1948 and was sunk off Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Finally, the Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine USS New York City (SSN 696) was in service from 1979 until 1997.[32][33]

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New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills, (based in the suburb of Orchard Park); Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area, they play in Giants Stadium, which is located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in The Bronx), and the New York Mets (based in Queens). Three National Hockey League franchises (the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders in Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres) are based in New York. A National Basketball Association team, the New York Knicks is based in Manhattan.

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At the college level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York (SUNY). The City University of New York (CUNY) is the public university system of New York City. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges and universities. The four university centers are University at Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and SUNY Stony Brook.

In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest Catholic institution in the northeast, Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University and Cornell University, making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school.

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New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[31]

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New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States.[27]

The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.[28] The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.[29]

Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.

New York's legal system is explicitly based on English common Law. Capital punishment was declared unconstitutional in 2004.[30]

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The Bear Mountain Bridge crossing the Hudson River.In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city, including the Long Island Rail Road, MTA Metro-North, the PATH system and five of NJTransit's rail services. Many of the other cities have urban and regional public transportation. Buffalo also has a Subway line, sometimes called a Lightrail System run by the NFTA, and Rochester had a subway system, although it is mostly destroyed. Only a small part exists under the old Erie Canal Aqueduct.

Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.

See also: Transportation in New York City

Politics and government

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A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.[26]

New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, manufactured goods, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. New York's five largest export markets in 2004 were Canada ($30.2 billion), United Kingdom ($3.3 billion), Japan ($2.6 billion), Israel ($2.4 billion), and Switzerland ($1.8 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.

Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 23% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2004. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state.

New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.

The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.

New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second largest wine producer by volume. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy. The state has 30,000 acres (120 km²) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.

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Cities and towns
For lists of cities, towns, and counties in New York, see List of cities in New York, List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York, List of counties in New York, List of census-designated places in New York and Administrative divisions of New York.
The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties, the Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population. The ten largest cities are:[23]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Cities in New YorkWikimedia Commons has media related to:
Maps of New YorkWikimedia Commons has media related to:
New YorkNew York City (8,274,527)
Buffalo (279,745)
Rochester (211,091)
Yonkers (196,425)
Syracuse (141,683)
Albany (93,523)
New Rochelle (72,967)
Mount Vernon (67,924)
Schenectady (61,280)
Utica (59,336)
The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the early nineteenth century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.

Grouped by metropolitan statistical area[24], the twelve largest population centers in the state are:

New York City (18,815,988 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,381,586 in NY)
Buffalo/Niagara Falls (1,128,183)
Rochester (1,030,495)
Albany and the Capital District (853,358)
Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (669,915)
Syracuse (645,293)
Utica/Rome (294,862)
Binghamton (246,426)
Kingston (181,860)
Glens Falls (128,886)
Ithaca (101,055)
Elmira (88,015)
The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population.

The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of a "megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston to the southern suburbs of Washington D.C. in Virginia and therefore occasionally called "BosWash".

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New York is home to the largest Dominican and Jamaican American population in the United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for sub saharan African-Americans and Bedford Stuyvesant is the largest in the United States. Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States.

In the 2000 Census, Italian-Americans make up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish-Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York are heavily Irish-American and Italian-American. In Buffalo and western New York, German-Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, French-Canadians.

6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.

New York State has a higher number of Italian-Americans than any other U.S. state.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian [4].

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In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.[17]

New York is a slow growing state with a large rate of migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.[18] New York state is a leading destination for international immigration, however. The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark.[19] New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.[20]

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New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776.[10] The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitution was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. It was drafted by John Jay. On 30 July 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.

The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775. The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared - and the largest battle of the entire war - was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a Battle of Brooklyn) in 1776, and the first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries. The withdrawal of General George Washington from Manhattan Island was followed by the British making New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for Washington's intelligence network. The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined. Four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British. They were defeated in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779.[11] Suffering privations, many members moved to Canada. Most, absent or present, lost their land after the war. Some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes.[12] As per the Treaty of Paris. the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies - their troops in New York City - departed in 1783, which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.[13]

The creation of the Erie Canal led to rapid industrialization in New York.New York state was one of the original thirteen colonies that became the United States. It was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.[14]

Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the nineteenth century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St. Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to western New York was over land. Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825.[15] The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement, and enabled port cities such as Buffalo to grow and prosper.

The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886. Ellis Island, mostly located within New Jersey, opened as the primary immigration depot in the U.S. in 1892.

See also: New York State Constitutions

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Long Pond in the Saint Regis Canoe Area of the Adirondack Park.New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."

The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,[9] which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) of land,[9] the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.

The Montauk Point State Park boasts the famous Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned by President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction and is located in the township of East Hampton, Suffolk County. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.

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